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鎌倉の歴史
A Brief History of Kamakura

Kamakura in the Sengoku period

(Warring States period: This section includes the years between 1467 and 1603)
　　　In the early Sengoku period, Kamakura was under the control of the Miura family. Around that time, a military leader Hojo Soun (北条早雲, 1432-1519) emerged from the Izu area and captured Odawara Castle (小田原城) in 1494. This Hojo family, unconnected with the Hojo of the Kamakura period, was called Go-Hojo, the later Hojo. Hojo Soun forcefully extended his domain. He defeated the Miura family at Sumiyoshi Castle (住吉城), driving them from Kamakura and eventually destroying them at Arai Castle (新井城) in Miura. With this, Kamakura came under the control of the Go-Hojo.
　　　Soun built Tamanawa Castle (玉縄城), and the Go-Hojo family then used it as a key point from which to guard the pathways to the Miura Peninsula and the Musashi district. From the time of its founding, the castle was reputed to be impregnable and in 1526 witnessed the struggle between Hojo Ujitsuna (氏綱, 1486-1541), its defender, and the Satomi (里見) from Awa (安房), who had invaded Kamakura. An intense battle was fought near the Kashiogawa River (柏尾川, present-day Tobegawa, 戸部川) and 35 lives were lost. A crypt for their heads and the repose of their souls--Tamanawa Kubizuka Mound (玉縄首塚)--was then built near Tobebashi Bridge (戸部橋).

Influential warriors' sojourn in Kamakura

　　　Though Kamakura became less prosperous, it remained an attractive place for warriors in this period, for they wished to share the good fortune and power of Yoritomo and to gain protection from his tutelary deity, Hachiman.
　　　Some of the leading warriors of the day paid visits to Kamakura. Among them was Uesugi Kenshin (上杉謙信, 1530-78), an influential daimyo in Echigo. Another warrior who visited Kamakura was Toyotomi Hideyoshi (豊臣秀吉, 1537-98), the second ruler (after Oda Nobunaga, 織田信長, 1534-82) of a unified Japan. Hideyoshi visited here after he conquered the Go-Hojo and most of the Kanto region in 1590. Tamanawa Castle, under Hojo Ujikatsu (北条氏勝, 1559-1611) also surrendered to him.
　　　 Hideyoshi presented the former lands of the Go-Hojo to Tokugawa Ieyasu (徳川家康, 1542-1616), and while visiting here, ordered Ieyasu to repair Hachimangu Shrine. The heroes of the Warring States period had high esteem for Yoritomo and his political achievements.

Kamakura as a tourist spot in the Edo period

　　　Tokugawa Ieyasu unified the country and laid the foundations for the Edo period (1603-1867). In the Kamakura area, he ordered his men to repair Hachimangu Shrine?repair work was repeated several times during the Edo period. Yet he also ordered the demolition of Tamanawa Castle. Temples and shrines owned the majority of land in Kamakura at this time, although some parts of the city were governed by the Edo bakufu. To control Kamakura and its neighboring areas, the bakufu set up the office of daikan (代官), local administrator.
　　　In the middle of the Edo period, temples and shrines were taxed so heavily that most temples and shrines were subsequently reduced to poverty, except the major shrines and temples: Hachimangu, Tokeiji, Eishoji, Komyoji, Engakuji and Kenchoji. Kamakura soon became a destination for sightseeing. The city was included in a travel itinerary of the time, along with Kanazawa (金沢) in Yokohama, and Enoshima (江ノ島). Guidebooks, and scenic pictures in the form of ukiyoe (浮世絵) woodblock prints were published, and the town was taken up in travelogues and stage dramas. Kamakura even attracted foreigners. In 1613 and 1616 some Englishmen visited Kamakura and saw the Daibutsu.

Kamakura in the Modern era (the Meiji period)

　　　In 1868, a new era began. The Meiji government issued the decree that Shintoism and Buddhism be separated in order to promote a policy that favored traditional Shintoism. The movement was called haibutsu kishaku (廃仏毀釈), "Abolishment of Buddhism and the discarding of Buddhist images." Buddhist structures, statues, and other related objects had to be removed from shrines, and vice versa. Many valuable treasures were lost through this movement. Tsurugaoka Hachimangu Shrine lost many Buddhist halls and other structures.
　　　In 1889, the government instituted a municipal system. In 1894, Higashi-Kamakura-mura (East Kamakura Village) and Nishi-Kamakura-mura (West Kamakura Village) were combined into Kamakura-machi (鎌倉町) town.
　　　In those early days, Kamakura was re-evaluated in terms of its environment. In 1880, Erwin von Balz (1849-1913), a German doctor, praised Kamakura as a health resort. And then, after Dr. Nagayo Sensai (長与専斉, 1838-1902) stated that Kamakura was ideal for sea bathing, it became widely known as a resort and seaside villa town.
　　　The Yokosuka Line was laid out between Ofuna and Yokosuka in 1889, contributing further to Kamakura's development. Many novelists and poets who visited and wrote their works here helped to give the town a literary image and included such luminaries as Masaoka Shiki (正岡子規, 1867-1902), Shimazaki Toson (島崎藤村, 1872-1943), Natsume Soseki (夏目漱石, 1867-1916) and Kunikida Doppo (国木田独歩, 1871-1908), to name only a few.
　　　The Enoshima Denki Tetsudo Line (江ノ島電気鉄道) opened in 1902 between Fujisawa and Katase, and in 1910 was extended through to Kamakura.

Recovery from disaster and preservation of cultural assets

Kamakura Kokuhokan Museum
　　　In 1923 a great earthquake struck the Kanto area and brought heavy damage to Kamakura. Most of the temples and shrines collapsed. In 1928, however, thanks to the efforts of the townspeople, the Kamakura Kokuhokan Treasure Hall (鎌倉国宝館) was constructed to protect important cultural properties from future disasters and to display them to the public.
　　　The Kamakura Young Men's Association (鎌倉青年会) started erecting stone monuments in 1917 to mark historic sites around town, resulting in some 77 monuments to date. In 1939, Kamakura became a city through the integration of Kamakura-machi and Koshigoe-machi.

Present-day Kamakura

　　　In 1948, Kamakura merged with Fukasawa-mura and Ofuna-machi to become a larger city, with a population of more than 80,000.
　　　In 1958, Kamakura proclaimed the "Declaration of a City of Peace." Soon, Kamakura had become part of the Tokyo metropolitan area, resulting in a speeding-up of residential development. This movement had a negative impact on the environment, for many of the green tracts of land disappeared.
　　　Realizing the necessity of taking action, the Association for the Preservation of Kamakura's Scenic Beauty (鎌倉風致保存会) was organized in 1964, and some years later, the Ancient Capital Preservation Law (古都保存法) was enacted. The measures are designed to protect historic sites and prevent any land development without permission from prefectural or municipal offices.
　　　In 1976, the city announced a fundamental plan that set out the basic principles of the administration: to build a peaceful, culture-oriented city that was blessed with a rich cultural legacy and natural scenic environment.
Bungakukan
　　　 Facilities for preserving cultural assets, learning about cultural matters and enjoying various kinds of sports are provided: the Kamakura Kokuhokan, the Kamakura Bungakkan (鎌倉文学館, Kamakura Museum of Literature), public libraries, community centers for meetings and life-long learning, the Memorial Hall of Yoshiya Nobuko (吉屋信子記念館), and the La-wel Kamakura (レイ･ウェル会館, Labor Welfare Hall). The Kamakura Geijutsukan (鎌倉芸術会館, Kamakura Center for the Performing Arts) opened in Ofuna in 1993.
　　　Sports facilities--gymnasiums, swimming pools, and sports fields such as Fueda Park (笛田公園)--enjoy full use.
　　　The Museum of Modern Art (近代美術館) and Ofuna Botanical Garden of Kanagawa Prefecture (神奈川県フラワ─センタ─) also provide opportunities for learning and enjoyment.
　　　Ties with the four sister cities Kamakura has close ties with five other cities that share characteristics in one way or another. The first is with Nice on the Mediterranean coast. The second, formed in 1979, is with the city of Hagi (萩市) in Yamaguchi Prefecture. Hagi is famous for traditional Hagi-yaki pottery (萩焼き). The third tie is with Ueda (上田市) in Nagano Prefecture, a city that has historical sites related to Kamakura period culture. The fourth such relationship was formed in 1982 with the city of Ashikaga (足利市), said to be the birthplace of the Ashikaga family. Kamakura and these cities promote interchanges between their citizens.
Sister City Merchandising Mart

　　　In 1998 Kamakura established ties with Dunhuang (敦煌) in China, where the large numbers of Buddhist statues and wall paintings in the caves now attract visitors from all over the world.

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